Author: Health Watch Minute
口腔卫生 – World Health Organization (WHO)
重要事实 口腔疾病虽然在很大程度上可以预防,但却给许多国家带来巨大健康负担,并影响人们的一生,导致疼痛、不适、毁容甚至死亡。 据估计,口腔疾病影响到近37亿人。 根据2021年全球疾病负担报告,未经治疗的恒牙龋齿(蛀牙)是最常见的卫生问题。 口腔卫生问题的预防和治疗费用昂贵,通常不属于国家全民健康覆盖福利计划范畴。 大多数低收入和中等收入国家无法提供足够的口腔卫生预防和治疗服务。 口腔疾病由一系列可改变的风险因素引起,包括糖消费、烟草使用、酒精使用和不良个人卫生习惯,以及潜在的社会和商业因素。这些风险因素是许多非传染性疾病的常见风险因素。 概述 多数口腔卫生问题在很大程度上可以得到预防,并且可以在早期得到医治。大多数病例涉及龋齿(蛀牙)、牙周病、牙齿脱落和口腔癌。其他公共卫生口腔问题有:唇腭裂、坏疽性口炎(始于口腔的严重坏疽性疾病,主要影响儿童)和口腔—牙齿外伤。 随着城市化加剧和生活环境的改变,全球主要口腔疾病的患病率不断上升。其主要原因包括人们对(供水和牙膏等口腔卫生产品中的)氟化物接触量不足,容易买到且买得起高糖食品以及难以在社区获得口腔保健服务。高糖食品和饮料以及烟草和酒精的营销促使那些导致口腔卫生问题和其他非传染性疾病的产品的消费日益增长。 龋齿(蛀牙) 在牙齿表面形成的菌斑会将食物和饮料中的游离糖(制造商、厨师或消费者添加到食物中的所有糖,加上蜂蜜、糖浆和果汁中天然存在的糖)转化为酸,而酸会逐渐破坏牙齿,从而导致龋齿。持续大量摄入游离糖、氟化物接触量不足以及刷牙不能清除菌斑,会导致龋齿和疼痛,有时还会导致牙齿脱落和感染。 牙周(牙龈)病 牙周病影响牙齿周围和支撑牙齿的组织。该病特点为出血或牙龈肿胀(牙龈炎),疼痛,有时会出现口臭。较严重时,牙龈会与牙齿和牙槽骨脱离,导致牙齿松动,有时会脱落。据估计,全球患有严重牙周病的病例数超过10亿例,牙周病的主要风险因素是口腔卫生不佳和吸烟。 牙齿脱落 口腔疾病通常最终会造成牙齿脱落,牙齿脱落的主要原因是晚期龋齿和严重牙周病,但也可能是外伤等。据估计,在20岁或以上的人群中,牙齿脱落的全球平均患病率约为7%。全球60岁或以上的人估计患病率更高,为23%。牙齿脱落会造成心理创伤,影响社交,并限制功能。 口腔癌 口腔癌包括唇癌以及口腔其它部位和口咽的癌症,是全球第十三种最常见癌症。据估计,2022年全球唇癌和口腔癌新发病例数为389 846例,188 438例死亡(1)。口腔癌在男性和老年人中较为常见,而且男性死亡率高于女性。口腔癌与社会经济环境紧密关联。…
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